Introduction: Epidemiological surveillance data for emergency department (ED) visits by children are imperative to guide resource allocation and to develop health policies that advance pediatric emergency care. However, there are sparse population-based data on patient-level information (e.g., the number of children who present to the emergency department [ED]). In this context, we aimed to investigate both the patient- and visit-level rates of ED utilization by children.
Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using population-based multipayer data - state ED databases (SEDD) and state inpatient databases (SID) - from six geographically-dispersed U.S. states (California, Florida, Iowa, Nebraska, New York, and Utah) in 2010 and 2011. We identified all children aged <18 years who presented to the ED and described the patient-level ED visit rate, visit-level ED visit rate, and proportion of all ED visits made by children. We conducted the analysis using the 2011 SEDD and SID data. We also repeated the analysis using the 2010 data to determine the consistency of the results across different years.
Results: In 2011, 2.9 million children with a patient identifier presented to EDs in the six U.S. states. At the patient-level, 15 out of every 100 children presented to an ED at least once per year. Of these children, 25% presented to EDs 2-3 times per year with an approximately 1.5-fold variation across the states (e.g., 19% in Utah vs. 28% in Florida). In addition, 5% presented to EDs ≥4 times per year. At the visit-level, 6.7 million ED visits were made by children in 2011 - 34 ED visits per 100 children annually. ED visits by children accounted for 22% of all ED visits (including both adults and children), with a relatively small variation across the states (e.g., 20% in New York vs. 24% in Nebraska). Analysis of the 2010 data gave similar results for the ED utilization by children.
Conclusion: By using large population-based data, we found a substantial burden of ED visits at both patient- and visit-levels. These findings provide a strong foundation for policy makers and professional organizations to strengthen emergency care for children.