Almost 4500 patients are being treated with renal replacement therapies in Croatia. Infections are frequent in the population treated with dialysis and kidney transplantation, being one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients. In dialysis patients, infections are usually related to dialysis access (usually central venous dialysis catheter or peritoneal catheter). In kidney transplant recipients, infections are most common in the early postoperative period. Prevention, early recognition, as well as appropriate treatment of infection are all crucial for better survival of these patients, with ever more other medical specialties being involved in their management.