Skeletal muscle formation in vertebrates is derived from the paraxial mesoderm, which develops into myogenic precursor cells and finally differentiates into mature myofibers. This myogenic program involves temporal-spatial molecular events performed by transcription regulators (such as members of the Pax, MRFs and Six families) and signaling pathways (such as Wnts, BMP and Shh signaling). Epigenetic regulation, including histone post-translational modifications is crucial for controlling gene expression through recruitment of various chromatin-modifying enzymes that alter chromatin dynamics during myogenesis. The chromatin modifying enzymes are also recruited at regions of muscle gene regulation, coordinating transcription regulators to influence gene expression. In particular, the reversible methylation status of histone N-terminal tails provides the important regulatory mechanisms in either activation or repression of muscle genes. In this report, we review the recent literatures to deduce mechanisms underlying the epigenetic regulation of gene expression with a focus on histone methylation modification during embryo myogenesis and adult muscle regeneration. Recent results from different histone methylation/demethylation modifications have increased our understanding about the highly intricate layers of epigenetic regulations involved in myogenesis and cross-talk of histone enzymes with the muscle-specific transcriptional machinery.
Keywords: BMP4, bone morphogenic protein 4; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; Epigenetic; H3K27, methylation of histone H3 lysine 27; H3K4, methylation of histone H3 lysine 4; H3K9, methylation of histone H3 lysine 9; Histone methylation/demethylation modification; KDMs, lysine demethyltransferases; LSD1, lysine specific demethyltransferase 1; MEF2, myocyte enhancer factor 2; MRFs, myogenic regulatory factors; Muscle differentiation; Muscle progenitor cells; Muscle regeneration; Myogenesis; PRC2, polycomb repressive complex 2; SCs, satellite cells; Shh, sonic hedgehog; TSS, transcription start sites; UTX, ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome; bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.