Purpose: The feline sarcoma oncogene protein (FES) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in both oncogenesis and tumor suppression. Here, cancer cell lines and human tissues were employed to clarify the pathological and prognostic significance of FES in bladder cancer.
Methods: The relationship between FES expression and cancer aggressiveness was investigated using 3 cell lines (T24: corresponding to grade 3, 5637: corresponding to grade 2, and RT4: corresponding to grade 1) and 203 tissues derived from human bladder malignancies. Proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells were assessed following the knockdown (KD) of FES expression by the siRNA method. Relationships between FES expression and pathological features, aggressiveness, and outcome were investigated.
Results: FES-KD inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of T24 cells but not of RT4 cells and 5637 cells. Considering all patients, FES expression demonstrated a negative relationship with grade but no association with muscle invasion or cancer cell proliferation. However, it was positively correlated with pT stage and cell proliferation in high-grade tumors (p = 0.002); no such association was found for low-grade tumors. In addition, elevated FES expression was a negative prognostic indicator of metastasis after radical surgery for patients with high-grade tumors (p = 0.021) but not for those with low-grade malignancies.
Conclusions: FES appeared to act as a suppressor of carcinogenesis, being associated with low tumor grade in the overall patient group. However, its expression correlated with cancer aggressiveness and poor outcome in high-grade bladder cancer. FES, therefore, represents a potential therapeutic target and useful prognostic factor for such patients.
Keywords: Bladder cancer; Cell proliferation; FES; Grade; Invasion; Prognosis.