Microbiological, histological, and biochemical evidence for the adverse effects of food azo dyes on rats

Khaled Elbanna; Osama Mohamed Sarhan; Manal Khider; Mohamed Elmogy; Hussein Hasan Abulreesh; Mohamed Rabie Shaaban

doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2017.01.005

Microbiological, histological, and biochemical evidence for the adverse effects of food azo dyes on rats

J Food Drug Anal. 2017 Jul;25(3):667-680. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.01.005. Epub 2017 Feb 15.

Authors

Khaled Elbanna^{1

2}, Osama Mohamed Sarhan^{2

3}, Manal Khider⁴, Mohamed Elmogy⁵, Hussein Hasan Abulreesh², Mohamed Rabie Shaaban^{2

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt.
² Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
⁴ Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
⁵ Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
⁶ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract

In this study, 120 lactic acid bacterial strains from different fermented dairy products as well as 10 bacterial intestinal isolates were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo degradation of various food azo dyes. Of these isolates, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains 13 and 100 and the intestinal isolates Ent2 and Eco5 exhibited 96-98% degradation of the tested food azo dyes within 5-6 hours. High performance liquid chromatography mass spectra of sunset yellow (E110) and carmoisine (E122) anaerobic degradation products by the intestinal isolates showed that they were structurally related to toxic aromatic amines. For an in vivo study, eight groups of rats were treated for 90 days with either the food azo dyes or their degradation products. All groups were kept for a further 30 days as recovery period and then dissected at 120 days. Hematological, histopathological, and protein markers were assessed. Rats treated with either E110/E122 or their degradation products exhibited highly significant changes in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and white blood cell count. In addition, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, amylase, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total protein, and globulins were significantly increased. Furthermore, marked histopathological alterations in the liver, kidney, spleen, and small intestine were observed. Significant decreases in inflammation and a noticeable improvement in the liver, kidney, spleen, and small intestine of rats treated with LAB and food azo dyes simultaneously were observed. Finally, these results provide a reliable basis for not only a better understanding of the histological and biochemical effects of food additives, but also for early diagnostics. In addition, LAB strains 13 and 100 may play an important role as potential probiotics in food and dairy technology as a probiotic lactic acid starter.

Keywords: dairy products; food additives; food azo dyes; lactic acid bacteria; probiotic bacteria.

MeSH terms

Animal Feed
Animals
Azo Compounds / pharmacology*
Coloring Agents
Cultured Milk Products
Lactobacillaceae
Probiotics
Rats

Substances

Azo Compounds
Coloring Agents