OBJECTIVE As life expectancy continues to increase, primary degenerative sagittal imbalance (PDSI) is diagnosed in an increasing number of elderly people. Although corrective surgery for this sagittal deformity is becoming more popular, the effectiveness of the procedure remains unclear. The authors aimed to collate the available evidence on the effectiveness and complications of deformity-correction surgery in patients with PDSI. METHODS The authors carried out a meta-analysis of clinical studies regarding deformity correction in patients with PDSI. The studies were identified through searches of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. Surgery outcomes were evaluated and overall treatment effectiveness was assessed in terms of the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) values and pain levels according to visual analog scale (VAS) scores and in terms of restoration of spinopelvic parameters to within a normal range. Data are expressed as mean differences with 95% CIs. RESULTS Ten studies comprising 327 patients were included. The VAS and ODI values improved after deformity-correction surgery. The smallest treatment effect exceeded the MCID for VAS values (4.15 [95% CI 3.48-4.82]) but not for ODI values (18.11 [95% CI 10.99-25.23]). At the final follow-up visit, the mean lumbar lordosis angle (-38.60° [95% CI -44.19° to -33.01°]), thoracic kyphosis angle (31.10° [95% CI 24.67°-37.53°]), C-7 sagittal vertical axis (65.00 mm [95% CI 35.27-94.72 mm]), and pelvic tilt angle (30.82° [95% CI 24.41°-37.23°]) remained outside their normal ranges. Meta-regression analyses revealed a significant effect of ODI change in relation to lumbar lordosis change (p = 0.004). After a mean of 2 years after deformity correction, the mean lumbar lordosis angle and C-7 sagittal vertical axis decreased by 5.82° and 38.91 mm, respectively, and the mean thoracic kyphosis angle increased by 4.7°. The incidences of proximal junctional kyphosis and pseudarthrosis were 23.7% and 12.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Deformity correction substantially relieves back pain for about 2 years in adult patients with PDSI. Sufficient surgical restoration of lumbar lordosis can lead to substantial improvement in patient disability and reduced decompensation. Deformity correction represents a viable therapeutic option for patients with PDSI, but further technical advancements are necessary to achieve sufficient lumbar lordosis and reduce complication rates.
Keywords: LL = lumbar lordosis; MCID = minimum clinically important difference; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PDSI = primary degenerative sagittal imbalance; PI = pelvic incidence; PJK = proximal junctional kyphosis; PT = pelvic tilt; SVA = sagittal vertical axis; TK = thoracic kyphosis; VAS = visual analog scale; deformity; degenerative; imbalance; lumbar; meta-analysis; sagittal.