Direct immersion single drop micro-extraction method for multi-class pesticides analysis in mango using GC-MS

Abstract

Due the negative effects of pesticides on environment and human health, more efficient and environmentally friendly methods are needed. In this sense, a simple, fast, free from memory effects and economical direct-immersion single drop micro-extraction (SDME) method and GC-MS for multi-class pesticides determination in mango samples was developed. Sample pre-treatment using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and factors affecting the SDME procedure (extractant solvent, drop volume, stirring rate, ionic strength, time, pH and temperature) were optimized using factorial experimental design. This method presented high sensitive (LOD: 0.14-169.20μgkg^-1), acceptable precision (RSD: 0.7-19.1%), satisfactory recovery (69-119%) and high enrichment factors (20-722). Several obtained LOQs are below the MRLs established by the European Commission; therefore, the method could be applied for pesticides determination in routing analysis and custom laboratories. Moreover, this method has shown to be suitable for determination of some of the studied pesticides in lime, melon, papaya, banana, tomato, and lettuce.

Keywords: Atrazine (PubChem CID: 2256); Carbofuran (PubChem CID: 2566); Chlordane (PubChem CID: 5993); Diazinon (PubChem CID: 3017); Disulfoton (PubChem CID: 3118); Ethoprophos (PubChem CID: 3289); Factorial experimental design; Fruits; GC–MS; Mango; Methyl parathion (PubChem CID: 4130); Permethrin (PubChem CID: 40326); Pesticides; Phorate (PubChem CID: 4790); Prophan (PubChem CID: 24685); SDME; Single drop micro-extraction.