Tyrosol and its metabolites as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory molecules in human endothelial cells

Food Funct. 2017 Aug 1;8(8):2905-2914. doi: 10.1039/c7fo00641a. Epub 2017 Jul 25.

Abstract

Tyrosol (Tyr) is a phenolic compound found in virgin olive oil. After ingestion, Tyr undergoes extensive first pass intestinal/hepatic metabolism. However, knowledge about the biological effects of Tyr metabolites is scarce. We chemically synthesized Tyr glucuronate (Tyr-GLU) and sulphate (Tyr-SUL) metabolites and explored their properties against oxidative stress and inflammation in TNF-α-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hECs). Tyr and Tyr-SUL prevented the rise of reactive oxygen species, the depletion of glutathione, and the down-regulation of glutathione peroxidase 1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, and heme oxygenase-1 genes. Tyr-SUL and to a lower extent Tyr and Tyr-GLU prevented the phosphorylation of NF-κB signaling proteins. Tyr-GLU and Tyr-SUL also prevented the over-expression of adhesion molecules at gene, protein, and secretory levels, and the adhesion (Tyr-SUL > Tyr-GLU) of human monocytes to hECs. In vivo, Tyr, and most notably Tyr-SUL in a dose-dependent manner, ameliorated plantar and ear edemas in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation. This study demonstrates the antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties of Tyr metabolites, with Tyr-SUL being the most effective.

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents / metabolism
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology*
  • Antioxidants / metabolism
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology*
  • Endothelial Cells / drug effects*
  • Endothelial Cells / immunology
  • Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / genetics
  • Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / immunology
  • Heme Oxygenase-1 / genetics
  • Heme Oxygenase-1 / immunology
  • Humans
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects
  • Phenylethyl Alcohol / analogs & derivatives*
  • Phenylethyl Alcohol / metabolism
  • Phenylethyl Alcohol / pharmacology
  • Reactive Oxygen Species / immunology
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / genetics
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / immunology

Substances

  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  • 4-hydroxyphenylethanol
  • Heme Oxygenase-1
  • Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase
  • Phenylethyl Alcohol