Ferrocene-cinchona hybrids with triazolyl-chalcone linkers act as pro-oxidants and sensitize human cancer cell lines to paclitaxel

Metallomics. 2017 Aug 16;9(8):1132-1141. doi: 10.1039/c7mt00183e.

Abstract

Recently, we demonstrated that ferrocene-containing compounds with a cinchona moiety displayed marked anticancer activity. Here we report on the effects of the most promising isomers encompassing quinine- (compounds 4 and 5) and quinidine-epimers (compounds 6 and 7) - synthesized using improved methods providing controlled diastereoselectivity - in three different human multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cell lines and their sensitive counterparts (non-small cell lung carcinoma NCI-H460/R/NCI-H460, colorectal carcinoma DLD1-TxR/DLD1 and glioblastoma U87-TxR/U87). We observed that the presence of the MDR phenotype did not diminish the activity of the compounds suggesting that ferrocene quinine- and quinidine-epimers are not substrates for P-glycoprotein, which has been indicated as a major mechanism of MDR in the cell lines used. Considering that metal-based anticancer agents mainly act by increasing ROS production, we investigated the potential of ferrocene-quinidine epimers to generate ROS. We found that 6 and 7 more readily increased ROS production and induced mitochondrial damage in MDR cancer cells. According to cell death analysis, 6 and 7 were more active against MDR cancer cells showing collateral sensitivity. In addition, our data suggest that these compounds could act as inhibitors of autophagy. Importantly, simultaneous treatments of 6 and 7 with paclitaxel (PTX) increased the sensitivity of MDR cancer cells to PTX. In conclusion, the ferrocene-quinidine epimers, besides being selective towards MDR cancer cells, could also possess potential to overcome PTX resistance.

MeSH terms

  • ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / metabolism
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / pharmacology*
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Autophagy / drug effects
  • Chalcones / chemistry*
  • Chalcones / metabolism
  • Cinchona / chemistry*
  • Cinchona / metabolism
  • Drug Resistance, Multiple / drug effects
  • Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / drug effects
  • Ferrous Compounds / chemistry*
  • Ferrous Compounds / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Lung Neoplasms / drug therapy
  • Lung Neoplasms / metabolism
  • Lung Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Metallocenes / chemistry*
  • Metallocenes / metabolism
  • Oxidants / chemistry
  • Oxidants / metabolism
  • Paclitaxel / pharmacology*
  • Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
  • Triazoles / chemistry*
  • Triazoles / metabolism
  • Tumor Cells, Cultured

Substances

  • ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
  • Chalcones
  • Ferrous Compounds
  • Metallocenes
  • Oxidants
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Triazoles
  • Paclitaxel
  • ferrocene