Significant improvement and development have occurred in minimally invasive cardiac surgery over the past 20 years. Although most studies have consistently demonstrated equivalent or improved outcomes compared with conventional cardiac surgery, with significantly shorter recovery times, adoption continues to be limited. In addition, cost data have been inconsistent. Further ongoing trials are needed to help determine the exact roles for these innovative procedures.
Keywords: Atrial septal defect; Coronary artery bypass graft; Minimally invasive cardiac surgery; Mitral valve; Robot.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.