Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and GC-MS in Mgeni and Msunduzi river sediments, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Aug;24(24):20015-20028. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9653-6. Epub 2017 Jul 11.

Abstract

The occurrence of eight pharmaceuticals was monitored during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) along a 250-km stretch of the Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This paper describes an optimized method for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in sediments. The method combines ultrasonic, centrifuge, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of these drugs in solid samples. Most of the parameters that affect the extraction step were optimized. Solid samples were placed in a centrifuge tube and extracted with ethyl acetate:acetone (1:1, two cycles), followed by clean-up with Oasis HLB cartridge and derivatization with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Satisfactory recoveries were obtained ranging from 66 to 130%, depending on the analyte. Precision expressed as RSD (%) (n = 3) was less than 20% for all analytes. The LODs and LOQs were in the range of 0.024 to 1.90 ng g-1 which allowed to be applied in the analysis solid samples in Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers. In the solid samples analyzed, NSAID concentration ranged from not detected to 221 ng g-1.

Keywords: Biosolids and sediments; Emerging pollutants; GC-MS; NSAIDs; Ultrasonic-assisted extraction.

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / analysis*
  • Environmental Monitoring / instrumentation*
  • Environmental Monitoring / methods*
  • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / methods
  • Geologic Sediments / chemistry*
  • Rivers / chemistry*
  • Solid Phase Extraction / methods
  • South Africa
  • Ultrasonics
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / analysis*

Substances

  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical