Development of a sedation protocol using orally administered tiletamine-zolazepam-acepromazine in free-roaming dogs

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the sedative effects in dogs of tiletamine-zolazepam-acepromazine (TZA) or ketamine-flunitrazepam (KF) administered orally and to evaluate the effectiveness of encapsulated TZA for capturing free-roaming dogs.

Study design: Experimental study followed by a field trial.

Animals: Six research dogs and 27 free-roaming dogs.

Methods: In a pilot study, six research dogs were administered liquid TZA (20 mg kg^-1 tiletamine-zolazepam and 2 mg kg^-1 acepromazine) or liquid KF (50 mg kg^-1 ketamine and 2 mg kg^-1 flunitrazepam) orally: treatment 1, forcefully squirting liquid medication into the mouth; treatment 2, encapsulating liquid medication for administration in canned food; treatment 3, administering liquid medication mixed with gravy. Sedation was scored. A follow-up field trial attempted capture of 27 free-roaming dogs.

Results: In the pilot study, the median time (range) to lateral recumbency (% dogs) after TZA administration was: treatment 1, 47.5 (35-80) minutes (67%); treatment 2, 30 (15-65) minutes (83%); and treatment 3, 75 (45-110) minutes (100%). No dogs in KF treatment 2 or 3 achieved lateral recumbency. Based on these results, 20 free-roaming dogs were offered encapsulated TZA in canned food: TZ (20 mg kg^-1) and acepromazine (2 mg kg^-1). Of these, no further drugs to four dogs (one dog captured), 10 dogs were administered a second dose within 30 minutes (five dogs captured) and six dogs were administered TZ (5 mg kg^-1) and xylazine (1.1-2.2 mg kg^-1) intramuscularly by blow dart (six dogs captured). Seven dogs were initially offered twice the TZA dose (five dogs captured). In total, 63% free-roaming dogs were captured after administration of encapsulated TZA in canned food.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Oral administration of encapsulated TZA in canned dog food can aid in the capture of free-roaming dogs, but additional drugs may be required. The sedation onset time and medication palatability influenced the capture rate.

Keywords: acepromazine; dogs; flunitrazepam; ketamine; sedation; tiletamine–zolazepam.