Most toxic physeal changes are characterized microscopically by altered chondrocyte development, proliferation, or maturation in the growth plate and eventually result in disordered appositional bone growth. Many therapeutic drugs directly or indirectly target proteins involved in chondrocytic differentiation and maturation pathways, so toxic physeal injury has become increasingly common in preclinical toxicologic pathology. While physeal dysplasia has been associated with several different drug classes including bisphosphonates, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors, transforming growth factor beta receptor inhibitors, and vascular targeting agents, physeal changes often share similar morphologic features including thickening and disorganization of the hypertrophic layer, increased numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes, altered mineralization of endochondral ossification, and/or increased thickness of subphyseal bone. Knowledge of genetic and nutritional diseases affecting bone growth has been important in helping to determine which specific target drugs may be affecting that could result in toxic physeal lesions. A pathophysiologic mechanism for most physeal toxicants has been determined in detail using a variety of investigative techniques. However, due to the signaling cross talk and the tight regulation required for chondrocyte maturation in the physis, several growth factor pathways are likely to be affected simultaneously with pharmacologic disruption of physeal homeostasis and inhibition of one factor necessary for chondrocyte function often affects others.
Keywords: mechanisms of toxicity; musculoskeletal system; pharmaceutical; physis.