Phospholipid-drug conjugates as a novel oral drug targeting approach for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

The enzyme phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) is overexpressed in the inflamed intestine in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, and in this work we aimed to exploit PLA₂ as a prodrug-activating enzyme for a novel PL-drug conjugate, thereby liberating the free drug specifically in the targeted diseased tissue(s). The proposed prodrug contains a drug moiety covalently bound through a linker to the sn-2 position of a phospholipid (PL). The NSAID diclofenac was used as model molecule, and four different linker lengths (2, 4, 6 and 8 -CH₂ units) were studied. The four PL-diclofenac conjugates were synthesized and characterized by LC/MS and NMR. PLA₂-mediated activation of the prodrugs was analyzed in-vitro, and the remaining intact complex and free drug liberation were assessed after incubation with PLA₂. The rate and degree of PLA₂-mediated activation were highly dependent on the linker length; 2- and 4-carbon linker conjugates were activated to lower extent than the 6-carbon conjugate, and longer linker again decreased the affinity towards PLA₂. The 6-carbon linker conjugate was found to be the optimal and released ~95% of the free drug after incubation with PLA₂, whereas only ~20% were delivered by the 2-carbon linker prodrug. The 6-carbon linker conjugate was shown to be stable in intestinal perfusate, fresh plasma, and pH4.0 and 6.8 buffers, but not at pH1.0. In conclusion, the results of this work confirm the feasibility of our general aim to exploit PLA₂ as a prodrug-activating enzyme of PL-drug conjugates. This may provide a novel oral drug targeting approach in IBD therapy.

Keywords: Drug targeting; Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); Oral prodrug; Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)); Phospholipid–drug conjugate; Prodrug-activating enzyme.