Pulse wave amplitude reduction as a surrogate for cortical arousal during sleep hypopnea in children

Abstract

Objectives: The accuracy of respiratory polygraphy (RP) is limited because of the absence of electroencephalography (EEG). Pulse wave amplitude (PWA) reduction has been shown to be a marker of autonomic activation during arousal, and may represent a substitute for obstructive respiratory-related cortical arousal (RRCA). This study tested the hypothesis that PWA could be a surrogate for RRCA in detecting obstructive hypopnea (OH) in a pediatric population.

Materials and methods: Two experienced readers scored 30 consecutive polysomnographies (PSG) using standard scoring rules. Automatic software detected every 20-90% reduction in PWA. A second scoring of respiratory events using PWA reduction as a surrogate for RRCA was performed (RP with PWA) for each percentage of PWA reduction. The final analysis consisted of determining the concordance between the two methods of detecting OH.

Results: A total of 987 episodes of ≥30% flow reduction were analyzed: 330 with RRCA only, 205 with desaturation (DS) only, 134 with both, and 318 without RRCA or DS. As the percentage of reduction in PWA increased, the sensitivity of PWA as a substitute for RRCA decreased, but the specificity increased. For a decrease in PWA of 60% or 70%, the sensitivities of PWA as a substitute for RRCA were 79% and 57%, and the specificities 51% and 76%, respectively.

Conclusion: Pulse wave amplitude reduction lacks sensitivity and specificity to be used as a surrogate for RRCA to detect OH in children. Polysomnography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing in children.

Keywords: Cortical arousal; Polygraphy; Polysomnography (PSG); Pulse wave amplitude (PWA); Respiratory related cortical arousal (RRCA).