This study was conducted to explore the changes in soil microbial populations, enzyme activity, and tuber yield under the rotation sequences of Potato-Common vetch (P-C), Potato-Black medic (P-B) and Potato-Longdong alfalfa (P-L) in a semi-arid area of China. The study also determined the effects of continuous potato cropping (without legumes) on the above mentioned soil properties and yield. The number of bacteria increased significantly (p < 0.05) under P-B rotation by 78%, 85% and 83% in the 2, 4 and 7-year continuous cropping soils, respectively compared to P-C rotation. The highest fungi/bacteria ratio was found in P-C (0.218), followed by P-L (0.184) and then P-B (0.137) rotation over the different cropping years. In the continuous potato cropping soils, the greatest fungi/bacteria ratio was recorded in the 4-year (0.4067) and 7-year (0.4238) cropping soils and these were significantly higher than 1-year (0.3041), 2-year (0.2545) and 3-year (0.3030) cropping soils. Generally, actinomycetes numbers followed the trend P-L>P-C>P-B. The P-L rotation increased aerobic azotobacters in 2-year (by 26% and 18%) and 4-year (40% and 21%) continuous cropping soils compared to P-C and P-B rotation, respectively. Generally, the highest urease and alkaline phosphate activity, respectively, were observed in P-C (55.77 mg g-1) and (27.71 mg g-1), followed by P-B (50.72 mg mg-1) and (25.64 mg g-1) and then P-L (41.61 mg g-1) and (23.26 mg g-1) rotation. Soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and hydrogen peroxidase activities decreased with increasing years of continuous potato cropping. On average, the P-B rotation significantly increased (p <0.05) tuber yield by 19% and 18%, compared to P-C and P-L rotation respectively. P-L rotation also increased potato tuber yield compared to P-C, but the effect was lesser relative to P-B rotation. These results suggest that adopting potato-legume rotation system has the potential to improve soil biology environment, alleviate continuous cropping obstacle and increase potato tuber yield in semi-arid region.