Phenformin Inhibits Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Enhances the Anti-Tumor Activity of PD-1 Blockade in Melanoma

Abstract

Biguanides, such as the diabetes therapeutics metformin and phenformin, have shown antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, their potential effects on the tumor microenvironment are largely unknown. Here we report that phenformin selectively inhibits granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in spleens of tumor-bearing mice and ex vivo. Phenformin induces production of reactive oxygen species in granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, whereas the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuates the inhibitory effects of phenformin. Co-treatment of phenformin enhances the effect of anti-PD-1 antibody therapy on inhibiting tumor growth in the BRAF V600E/PTEN-null melanoma mouse model. Combination of phenformin and anti PD-1 cooperatively induces CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration and decreases levels of proteins that are critical for immune suppressive activities of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Our findings show a selective, inhibitory effect of phenformin on granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell-driven immune suppression and support that phenformin improves the anti-tumor activity of PD-1 blockade immunotherapy in melanoma.