Nanomaterials (NM) exhibit novel physicochemical properties that determine their interaction with biological substrates and processes. Recent nano-technological advances are leading to wide usage of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in various fields. However, the increasing use of NPs has led to their release into environment and the toxicity of NPs on human health has become a concern. Moreover, there are inadvertently generated metallic NPs which are formed during various human activities (e.g. metal processing and energy production). Unfortunately, there are still widespread controversies and ambiguities with respect to the toxic effects and mechanisms of metallic NPs, e.g. metal oxides including ZnO. In this study, we generated zinc containing NMs, and studied them in vitro. Different nano-sized particles containing Zn were compared in in vitro study to elucidate the physicochemical characteristics (e.g. chemical composition, solubility, shape and size of the particles) that determine cellular toxicity. Zn induced toxicity in macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was detected, leading to the cell cycle disruption, cell death and excitation of release of inflammatory mediators. The solubility and the size of Zn compounds had a major role in the induced toxic responses. The soluble particles reduced the cell viability, whereas the less soluble NPs significantly increased inflammation. Moreover, uptake of large ZnO NPs inside the cells was likely to play a key role in the detected cell cycle arrest.
Keywords: Cell cycle; In vitro; Inflammation; Toxicity; Zinc oxide; Zinc salt.
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