Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Age, education, income, marital status, sleep, and emotional problems have been associated with OAB; however, conflicting results exist. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of OAB and comprehensively analyze its associated factors in a large cross-sectional, population-based study. The data of 94,554 participants aged 19-107 were analyzed from the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) of 2012. Data on marital status, physical activity, education level, occupation, body mass index (BMI), income level, sleep time, and stress level were retrieved for all enrolled participants. The overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) was used to evaluate the presence and degree of OAB. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses with complex sampling were used for the associations between various factors and the presence of OAB. Overall, OAB was present in approximately 2.9% of the participants. The prevalence of OAB increased with age and steeply increased after 60 years of age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for each 10 years = 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.61-1.80, P<0.001). The prevalence of OAB was lower in married than unmarried subjects (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.48-0.72, P<0.001). The prevalence of OAB was significantly different according to occupation Compared to manager, expert, specialist, clerk group, the prevalence of OAB was highest in unemployed group (AOR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.55-2.32, P < 0.001). Being underweight was correlated with OAB (AOR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.08-1.55, P = 0.018). Inadequate sleep showed a significant association with OAB (AOR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02-1.25 for ≤6 hours of sleep time and AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.27-1.86 for ≥9 hours of sleep, P<0.001). Stress level showed a dose-dependent positive association with OAB [AOR (95% CI) = 3.91 (3.13-4.89) > 2.16 (1.88-2.48) > 1.39 (1.23-1.57) for severe stress > moderate stress > some stress, respectively, P<0.001]. A medical history of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and/or cerebral stroke was significantly related to OAB. Approximately 2.9% of adult Korean men experienced OAB based on the OABSS. Unmarried status; occupation; being underweight; inadequate sleep; stress; and medical history of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, or cerebral stroke were significantly correlated with OAB.