Introduction of a carbon paste electrode based on nickel carbide for investigation of interaction between warfarin and vitamin K1

Abstract

In this paper a novel electrochemical sensor based on nickel carbide (Ni₃C) nanoparticles as a new modifier was constructed. Ni₃C nanoparticle was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and first-principles study. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies confirmed the electrode modification. Afterwards, the new electrode for the first time was used for interaction study between vitamin K1 and warfarin as an anticoagulant drug by differential pulse voltammetry. The adduct formation between the drug and vitamin K1 was improved by decreasing in anodic peak current of warfarin in the presence of different amounts of vitamin K1. The binding constant between warfarin and vitamin K1 was obtained by voltammetric and UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The molecular modeling method was also performed to explore the structural features and binding mechanism of warfarin to vitamin K1. The different aspects of modeling of vitamin K1 and warfarin and their adduct structures confirmed the adduct formation by hydrogen bonding.

Keywords: Differential pulse voltammetry; Drug–vitamin interaction; Molecular modeling; Ni(3)C nanoparticles; Vitamin K; Warfarin.