[Posttraumatic thromboembolic complications: Incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology and prevention]

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a major challenge in critically ill patients. Subjects admitted in intensive care unit (ICU), in particular trauma patients, are at high-risk for both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). The rate of symptomatic PE in injured patients has been reported previously ranging from 1 to 6%. The high incidence of posttraumatic venous thromboembolic events is well known. In fact, major trauma is a hypercoagulable state. Several factors placing the individual patient at a higher risk for the development of DVT and PE have been suggested: high ISS score, meningeal hemorrhage and spinal cord injuries have frequently been reported as a significant risk factor for VTEs after trauma. Posttraumatic pulmonary embolism traditionally occurs after a period of at least 5 days from trauma. The prevention can reduce the incidence and mortality associated with the pulmonary embolism if it is effective. There is no consensus is now available about the prevention of venous thromboembolism in trauma patients.

Keywords: Anticoagulation; Deep vein thrombosis; Embolie pulmonaire; ICU; Prevention; Prophylactic anticoagulation; Prévention; Pulmonary embolism; Réanimation; Thromboses; Trauma patients; Traumatisme.