Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with a high intercalation pseudocapacitance have long been investigated for Li+-ion-based electrochemical energy storage. By contrast, the exploration of guest ions other than Li+ has been limited, although promising. The present study investigates intercalation/deintercalation behaviors of various metal ions in 2D layered MnO2 with various interlayer distances, K-birnessite nanobelt (K-MnO2), its protonated form (H-MnO2), and a freeze-dried sample of exfoliated nanosheets. Series of metal ions, such as monovalent Li+, Na+, and K+ and divalent Mg2+, exhibit reversible intercalation during charge/discharge cycling, delivering high-rate pseudocapacitances. In particular, the freeze-dried MnO2 of exfoliated nanosheets restacked with the largest interlayer spacing and a less compact 3D network exhibits the best rate capability and a stable cyclability over 5000 cycles. Both theoretical calculation and kinetic analysis reveal that the increased interlayer distance facilitates the fast diffusion of cations in layered MnO2 hosts. The results presented herein provide a basis for the controllable synthesis of layered nanostructures for high-rate electrochemical energy storage using various single- and multivalent ions.
Keywords: cation intercalation/deintercalation; interlayer spacing; metal ion-based energy storage; rate capability; two-dimensional layered nanostructures.