Assessment of major and trace element bioavailability in vineyard soil applying different single extraction procedures and pseudo-total digestion

Abstract

A different single extraction procedures (CH₃COOH, Na₂EDTA, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, deionized water), and pseudo-total digestion (aqua regia) were applied to determine major (Al, Fe, K, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si) and trace (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) element bioavailability in a topsoil from the experimental vineyard ("Radmilovac", Belgrade, Serbia). For the first time, the extraction with deionized water during 16 h was tested as an alternative method for isolating bioavailable major and trace elements from the soil. Concentrations of the elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The extraction of Cu and S from the soil by deionized water during 16 h extracting, NH₄NO₃, and CaCl₂ indicated that these elements could originate from the anthropogenic sources, such as fungicide. In addition according to the soil - plant experiment, performed as a preliminary experiment for future studies in vineyards, deionized water was recommended for isolation of bioavailable elements from grape seed and grape pulp; CH₃COOH, Na₂EDTA, CaCl₂ and NH₄NO₃ for grape skin, while for assessment of leaf bioavailable elements from soil fraction, aqua regia was recommended. In addition, identification of similarities between the plant parts and the plant species were performed. Applying environmental risk assessment formulas, the most polluted vineyard parcel in the vineyard region "Radmilovac" was determined. The leaves of some grapevine species showed the high ability for accumulation some of the potentially toxic trace elements from the soil.

Keywords: Ecological risk assessment; Grapevine; Pseudo-total digestion; Single extraction; Vineyard soil.