Introduction:: The present note discusses some evidence on the increasing potential risk for American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) transmission in the Northern Brazilian State of Amapá, the Guianan-Amazon biome.
Methods: Early and present data about AVL were collected, including our recent entomological findings.
Results:: The spread of the sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, and a sylvatic reservoir host, the crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous in that region represents important findings related to the epidemiology of AVL in the Guianan-Amazon biome.
Conclusions:: These observations suggest that Brazilian authorities need to develop surveillance strategies in these risk areas.