The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: issues of measurement and reverse causality

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
• ² Rivierduinen, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ³ King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
• ⁴ Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmø, Lund University, Malmø, Sweden.