Data from experimental animals and human subjects has provided convergent evidence for the key role of the striatum in the formation of stimulus-response habits. Habits can be distinguished from associative memories that support goal-directed actions based on their insensitivity to reward devaluation and contingency degradation. Behavior on many instrumental learning tasks can be supported by both declarative knowledge and habits, and these contributions shift with the amount of training. This shift appears to be accompanied by the involvement of different cortico-striatal loops in controlling behavior. Factors that encourage the shift toward and maintenance of habits include learning under conditions of stress, distraction, and interval or probabilistic schedules of reinforcement.
Keywords: Flexibility; Nondeclarative memory; Probabilistic classification; Reinforcement; Spatial learning; Stress.