Whole brain MP2RAGE-based mapping of the longitudinal relaxation time at 9.4T

Abstract

Mapping of the longitudinal relaxation time (T₁) with high accuracy and precision is central for neuroscientific and clinical research, since it opens up the possibility to obtain accurate brain tissue segmentation and gain myelin-related information. An ideal, quantitative method should enable whole brain coverage within a limited scan time yet allow for detailed sampling with sub-millimeter voxel sizes. The use of ultra-high magnetic fields is well suited for this purpose, however the inhomogeneous transmit field potentially hampers its use. In the present work, we conducted whole brain T₁ mapping based on the MP2RAGE sequence at 9.4T and explored potential pitfalls for automated tissue classification compared with 3T. Data accuracy and T₂-dependent variation of the adiabatic inversion efficiency were investigated by single slice T₁ mapping with inversion recovery EPI measurements, quantitative T₂ mapping using multi-echo techniques and simulations of the Bloch equations. We found that the prominent spatial variation of the transmit field at 9.4T (yielding flip angles between 20% and 180% of nominal values) profoundly affected the result of image segmentation and T₁ mapping. These effects could be mitigated by correcting for both flip angle and inversion efficiency deviations. Based on the corrected T₁ maps, new, 'flattened', MP2RAGE contrast images were generated, that were no longer affected by variations of the transmit field. Unlike the uncorrected MP2RAGE contrast images acquired at 9.4T, these flattened images yielded image segmentations comparable to 3T, making bias-field correction prior to image segmentation and tissue classification unnecessary. In terms of the T₁ estimates at high field, the proposed correction methods resulted in an improved precision, with test-retest variability below 1% and a coefficient-of-variation across 25 subjects below 3%.

Keywords: Accuracy; Adiabatic inversion; Human brain; Reproducibility; T(1) mapping; Ultra-high magnetic field.