1 Brazilian Lifesaving Society-SOBRASA; Civil Defense, Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil; Drowning Resuscitation Centre, Fire Department of Rio de Janeiro (CBMERJ)-GMAR; International Drowning Research Alliance-IDRA. Electronic address: david@szpilman.com.
2 Human & Applied Physiology, Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, UK; International Drowning Research Alliance-IDRA.
3 Lifeguards without Borders, USA; International Drowning Research Alliance- IDRA.
4 Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; International Drowning Research Alliance-IDRA.
5 van Heurnlaan 10 5261 EW, Vught, Netherlands; International Drowning Research Alliance-IDRA.
6 Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Poole, Dorset, UK.
7 Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal; ASNASA, Portuguese Lifesaving Association, Portugal.
8 Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain; School of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; International Drowning Research Alliance-IDRA.
9 Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, Engenharias e Tecnologias, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Porto, Portugal; International Drowning Research Alliance-IDRA.