1 Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Departments of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, perezs2@ccf.org.