Rationale: Early life stress is a major risk factor for cocaine addiction; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain relatively unexplored. MicroRNA-212 (miR-212) and methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) have recently emerged as key regulators of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling during the acquisition and maintenance of cocaine-seeking behaviors.
Objectives: We therefore investigated the effect of maternal separation (MS) on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) during periadolescence and how this influences miR-212, Mecp2, and Bdnf expressions in the prefrontal cortex.
Methods: Male BALB/c mice subjected to MS (3 h/day) from postnatal day 2 to 15 or normal animal facility rearing (AFR) were tested for CPP at postnatal day 45, or not exposed to experimental manipulations (drug-naïve animals). Cultured primary cortical neurons were used to determine miR-212 expression changes following depolarization by KCL treatment.
Results: MS increased cocaine-induced CPP and decreased Bdnf exon IV expression, which correlated with higher CPP scores in such animals. An experience-dependent decrease in miR-212 expression was observed following CPP test. This effect was mimicked in primary cortical neurons in vitro, under activity-dependent conditions. In contrast, increased Mecp2 expression was found after CPP test, suggesting an opposing relationship between miR-212 and Mecp2 expression following cocaine place preference acquisition. However, these effects were not present in mice exposed to MS.
Conclusions: Together, our results suggest that early life stress can enhance the motivational salience for cocaine-paired cues during periadolescence, and that altered expression of miR-212, Mecp2, and Bdnf in the prefrontal cortex is involved in this process.
Keywords: Adolescence; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Cocaine; Conditioned place preference; Maternal separation; microRNAs.