Bax/Bak activation in the absence of Bid, Bim, Puma, and p53

Cell Death Dis. 2016 Jun 16;7(6):e2266. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.167.

Abstract

How BH3-only proteins activate Bax/Bak, the two gateway proteins of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, remains incompletely understood. Although all pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins are known to bind/neutralize the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, the three most potent ones, Bid (tBid), Bim, and Puma, possess an additional activity of directly activating Bax/Bak in vitro. This latter activity has been proposed to be responsible for triggering Bax/Bak activation following apoptotic stimulation. To test this hypothesis, we generated Bid(-/)(-)Bim(-/)(-)Puma(-/)(-) (TKO), TKO/Bax(-/)(-)/Bak(-/)(-) (PentaKO), and PentaKO/Mcl-1(-/-) (HexaKO) HCT116 cells through gene editing. Surprisingly, although the TKO cells were resistant to several apoptotic stimuli, robust apoptosis was induced upon the simultaneous inactivation of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, two anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins known to suppress Bax/Bak activation and activity. Importantly, such apoptotic activity was completely abolished in the PentaKO cells. In addition, ABT-737, a BH3 mimetic that inhibits Bcl-xL/Bcl-w/Bcl-2, induced Bax activation in HexaKO cells reconstituted with endogenous level of GFP-Bax. Further, by generating TKO/p53(-/-) (QKO) cells, we demonstrated that p53, a tumor suppressor postulated to directly activate Bax, is not required for Bid/Bim/Puma-independent Bax/Bak activation. Together, these results strongly suggest that the direct activation activities of Bid (tBid), Bim, Puma, and p53 are not essential for activating Bax/Bak once the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins are neutralized.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Apoptosis
  • Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / deficiency
  • Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / genetics*
  • BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein / deficiency
  • BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein / genetics*
  • Bcl-2-Like Protein 11 / deficiency
  • Bcl-2-Like Protein 11 / genetics*
  • Biphenyl Compounds / pharmacology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Gene Knockout Techniques
  • Genes, Reporter
  • Green Fluorescent Proteins / genetics
  • Green Fluorescent Proteins / metabolism
  • HCT116 Cells
  • Humans
  • Mitochondria / metabolism
  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein / genetics
  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein / metabolism
  • Nitrophenols / pharmacology
  • Piperazines / pharmacology
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins / deficiency
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins / genetics*
  • RNA, Small Interfering / antagonists & inhibitors
  • RNA, Small Interfering / genetics
  • RNA, Small Interfering / metabolism
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins / genetics
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction
  • Sulfonamides / pharmacology
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / deficiency
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / genetics*
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / genetics*
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / metabolism
  • bcl-2-Associated X Protein / genetics*
  • bcl-2-Associated X Protein / metabolism
  • bcl-X Protein / antagonists & inhibitors
  • bcl-X Protein / genetics
  • bcl-X Protein / metabolism

Substances

  • ABT-737
  • Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
  • BAK1 protein, human
  • BAX protein, human
  • BBC3 protein, human
  • BCL2L1 protein, human
  • BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein
  • BID protein, human
  • Bcl-2-Like Protein 11
  • Biphenyl Compounds
  • MCL1 protein, human
  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
  • Nitrophenols
  • Piperazines
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins
  • RNA, Small Interfering
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins
  • Sulfonamides
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein
  • bcl-2-Associated X Protein
  • bcl-X Protein
  • Green Fluorescent Proteins