Usefulness of Subepicardial Hyperemia on Contrast-Enhanced First-Pass Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging for Diagnosis of Acute Myocarditis

Abstract

Hyperemia is a major criterion for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging but its assessment is challenging and time consuming. We evaluated the usefulness of the contrast-enhanced first-pass perfusion (FPP) on magnetic resonance imaging for detecting subepicardial hyperemia in acute myocarditis. Forty-seven consecutive patients (mean age: 42 ± 15.6 years; 35 men) with a definite diagnosis of acute myocarditis according to the state-of-the-art guidelines were included and compared with 16 control subjects. FPP was evaluated by 2 blinded observers and compared with the reference late gadolinium enhancement. Detection of hyperemia was performed on both qualitative and quantitative methods. Relative increased signal intensity (SI) in the subepicardial hyperemic layer was measured with SI ratio (SI of the subepicardial layer/SI of the immediately adjacent subendocardial layer). Twenty-four patients (51%) with acute myocarditis exhibited subepicardial hyperemia, detected with a good interobserver reproducibility (kappa coefficient: 0.75). The SI in the myocardium of myocarditis patients was increased compared with controls (1.08 ± 0.03 vs 0.945 ± 0.04, p = 0.03) and the SI in myocarditis patients with hyperemia compared with those without hyperemia (1.22 ± 0.04 vs 0.94 ± 0.04, p <0.0001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values of FPP for detecting hyperemia were 85%, 94%, 85%, and 93%, respectively. In conclusion, contrast-enhanced first-pass magnetic resonance imaging is a fast and useful method for assessing myocardial hyperemia in patients with acute myocarditis.