Refractoriness to pharmacological treatment for tics: A multicentre European audit

Affiliations

• ¹ Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
• ² International Parkinson's Centre of Excellence, King's College and King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: davide_martino@hotmail.it.
• ³ Department of Neuropsychiatry, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
• ⁴ Section of Child Neuropsichiatry, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Pediatriche, Catania University, Catania, Italy.
• ⁵ Centre de Référence National Maladie Rare: Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette, Département de Neurologie, Pôle des Maladies du Système Nerveux, France.
• ⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
• ⁷ TANDeM Clinic-Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guys and St. Thomas', Kings Health Partners AHSC, London, United Kingdom.
• ⁸ Pediatric Department, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
• ⁹ Clinic of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
• ¹⁰ Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, (INM 4), Forschungszentrum, Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, JARA-BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Germany.
• ¹¹ Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, IRCCS Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
• ¹² Department of Psychology, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
• ¹³ Klinik und Poliklinikfür Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, TechnischeUniversität Dresden, Germany.