The sole species of the vascular plant family Austrobaileyaceae, Austrobaileya scandens, is endemic to the tropical rainforest of northeastern Queensland, Australia. A single lead-like enhanced fraction of A. scandens showed potent inhibition against human prostate cancer PC3 cells. Chemical investigation of this plant resulted in the isolation of two new aryltetralin lignans, austrobailignans 8 and 9 (1 and 2), and the synthetic compound nicotlactone B (3), newly identified as a natural product together with nine known lignans (4-12). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations employing time-dependent density functional theory. The ECD calculations were also used to assign the absolute configuration of marphenol K (4) and revise the absolute configuration of kadsurindutin C (20). Ten out of the 12 isolated compounds inhibited the growth of PC3 cells with IC50 values ranging from micromolar to nanomolar. Marphenol A (5) was found for the first time to induce apoptosis and arrest the S cell cycle phase of PC3 cells.