Overall and recurrence-free survival among black and white bladder cancer patients in an equal-access health system

Jill K Schinkel; Stephanie Shao; Shelia H Zahm; Katherine A McGlynn; Craig D Shriver; Kangmin Zhu

doi:10.1016/j.canep.2016.04.012

Overall and recurrence-free survival among black and white bladder cancer patients in an equal-access health system

Cancer Epidemiol. 2016 Jun:42:154-8. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.04.012. Epub 2016 May 6.

Authors

Jill K Schinkel¹, Stephanie Shao², Shelia H Zahm³, Katherine A McGlynn³, Craig D Shriver⁴, Kangmin Zhu⁵

Affiliations

¹ John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States.
² John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
³ National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States.
⁴ John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States; General Surgery Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
⁵ John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States. Electronic address: kzhu@murthacancercenter.org.

Abstract

Background: While the incidence of bladder cancer is twice as high among whites than among blacks, mortality is higher among blacks than whites. Unequal access to medical care may be an important factor. Insufficient access to care could delay cancer detection and treatment, which can result in worse survival. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether survival differed between black and white bladder cancer patients in the Department of Defense (DoD), which provides universal healthcare to all beneficiaries regardless of racial background.

Methods: This study was based on data from the U.S. DoD Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR). White and black patients histologically diagnosed with bladder cancer between 1990 and 2004 were included in the study and followed to the end of 2007. The outcomes were all-cause mortality and recurrence. We assessed the relationship between race and outcomes of interest using Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for all, non-muscle invasive (NMIBC), and muscle invasive (MIBC) bladder cancers, separately.

Results: The survival of black and white individuals did not differ statistically. No significant racial differences in survival (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.76-1.22) or recurrence-free survival (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.69-1.30) were observed after adjustment for demographic variables, tumor characteristics, and treatment. Similar findings were observed for NMIBC and MIBC patients, respectively.

Conclusion: Black patients were more likely to present with MIBC than white patients. However, white and black patients with bladder cancer were not significantly different in overall and recurrence-free survival regardless of muscle invasion. Our study suggests the importance of equal access to healthcare in reducing racial disparities in bladder cancer survival.

Keywords: Bladder cancer; Race; Survival.

MeSH terms

Black People
Disease-Free Survival
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
United States
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / ethnology*
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / mortality
White People

Grants and funding

ZIA CP010158-16/Intramural NIH HHS/United States