Social Hostility in Soccer and Beyond

PLoS One. 2016 Apr 14;11(4):e0153577. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153577. eCollection 2016.

Abstract

Social hostility is seldom expressed overtly. More often than not, individuals try to get their hostile message across without risking violent altercations. However, subtle and relatively covert hostility is not easy to research. We suggest a novel way with the SoMi paradigm, a social decision making task that offers participants the opportunity to be socially mindful or socially hostile by leaving or limiting choice to others. Sampling a general population we find that, relative to friends and strangers, foes are indeed met with greater social hostility (Study 1). Focusing on the highly competitive environment of youth soccer, we find that rival team members elicit social hostility, whereas teammates elicit social mindfulness (Study 2). We conclude that social mindfulness and social hostility play a subtle role in the dynamics of interpersonal and/or intergroup relationships, in which leaving or limiting choice is one of the subtle ways to express benevolent versus hostile intentions; the SoMi paradigm may thus be helpful in identifying which way the ball rolls.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Child
  • Friends
  • Hostility*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Soccer / psychology*
  • Social Behavior*

Grants and funding

The research was supported in part by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Grant 022.003.040, awarded to the Kurt Lewin Institute, with Paul Van Lange (PVL) as the applicant representing the Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology at VU Amsterdam. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.