The bilateral photoplethysmography (PPG) analysis for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) dysfunction screening with a fractional-order feature and a cooperative game (CG)-based embedded detector is proposed. The proposed detector uses a feature extraction method and a CG to evaluate the risk level for AVF dysfunction for patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment. A Sprott system is used to design a self-synchronisation error formulation to quantify the differences in the changes of blood volume for the sinister and dexter thumbs' PPG signals. Bilateral PPGs exhibit a significant difference in rise time and amplitude, which is proportional to the degree of stenosis. A less parameterised CG model is then used to evaluate the risk level. The proposed detector is also studied using an embedded system and bilateral optical measurements. The experimental results show that the risk of AVF stenosis during haemodialysis treatment is detected earlier.
Keywords: AVF dysfunction; PPG; Sprott system; arteriovenous fistula dysfunction screening; bilateral optical measurements; bilateral photoplethysmography analysis; blood; blood vessels; blood volume changes; cooperative game-based embedded detector; feature extraction; fractional-order feature; haemodialysis treatment; medical signal processing; patient treatment; photoplethysmography; rise time; self-synchronisation error formulation; stenosis.