Ultrasensitive Detection of Multiplexed Somatic Mutations Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Multiplex detection of low-frequency mutations is becoming a necessary diagnostic tool for clinical laboratories interested in noninvasive prognosis and prediction. Challenges include the detection of minor alleles among abundant wild-type alleles, the heterogeneous nature of tumors, and the limited amount of available tissue. A method that can reliably detect minor variants <1% in a multiplexed reaction using a platform amenable to a variety of throughputs would meet these requirements. We developed a novel approach, UltraSEEK, for high-throughput, multiplexed, ultrasensitive mutation detection and used it for detection of mutant sequence mixtures as low as 0.1% minor allele frequency. The process consisted of multiplex PCR, followed by mutation-specific, single-base extension using chain terminators labeled with a moiety for solid phase capture. The captured and enriched products were then identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. For verification, we successfully analyzed ultralow fractions of mutations in a set of characterized cell lines, and included a direct comparison to droplet digital PCR. Finally, we verified the specificity in a set of 122 paired tumor and circulating cell-free DNA samples from melanoma patients. Our results show that the UltraSEEK chemistry is a particularly powerful approach for the detection of somatic variants, with the potential to be an invaluable resource to investigators in saving time and material without compromising analytical sensitivity and accuracy.