1. Urinary incontinence is a significant cause of disability and dependency among the elderly, and is frequently cited as the major precipitant in long-term institutionalization. 2. Incontinent elderly view their condition as a significant symbol of loss of control as well as self-esteem, and is discussed by them in terms of infantilization. 3. Potential advantages of research and intervention and urinary incontinence include improved well-being of patients, relief of family burden, and cost benefit to society. 4. Evaluating behavioral treatment for incontinence remains an important nursing challenge due to the diversity of the incontinent elderly population in terms of their urinary tract pathophysiology; neurologic, cognitive, and functional status; and their environmental setting.