Background: Conventional laparoscopic instruments used for retraction may cause trauma at the retraction site. Alternative retraction/lifting especially of heavy solid organs such as the liver may be obtained by other means. The present study was designed to explore the use of C3-muco-adhesive polymers (C3-MAPs), which exhibit strong binding to the liver shortly after application to the organ and which retain strong adhesion for sufficient time, to enable sustained retraction during laparoscopic operations.
Methods and materials: C3-muco-adhesive polymers were produced specifically for the study. In an ex vivo experimental set-up, discs of C3-MAPs were placed on the surface of porcine livers for adhesion and retraction studies involving objective measurements by tensiometry.
Results: Experiments were carried out on 14 porcine livers. The force required to detach the C3-MAPs from the liver exceeded 2.0 N 30 s after application. The adhesion force by C3-MAPs files was sufficient to enable sustained retraction force necessary for exposure of the gall bladder, which was achieved by a mean retraction force of 4.85 N (SD = 0.63). This was sustained for a mean of 130 min (range 17.0-240.0). In the adhesion studies, the forces at 30 s required to detach the polymer discs from the liver exceeded 20 N (upper limit of the load cells of the Instron). The duration of the adhesion enabled sustained optimal gall bladder exposure for periods ranging from 17 to 240 min, with a mean of 130 ± 91 min.
Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that the adhesion and retraction properties of the engineered C3-MAP films are sufficient to enable complete exposure of the gall bladder for a period exceeding 1 h, confirming their potential for atraumatic retraction in laparoscopic and other minimal-access surgical approaches.
Keywords: Adhesion; C3-muco-adhesive polymers; Laparoscopic surgery; Retraction.