Abstract
Infected kidney stones refer to stones that form because of urinary tract infections with urease-producing bacteria, secondarily infected stones of any composition, or stones obstructing the urinary tract leading to pyelonephritis. The mainstay of treatment of infection stones is complete stone removal. Kidney stones that obstruct the urinary tract and cause obstructive pyelonephritis are also frequently referred to as infected stones. Obstructive pyelonephritis is a urologic emergency as it can result in sepsis and even death. Infection stones and obstructive stones causing pyelonephritis are different disease processes, and their workup and management are described separately.
Keywords:
Calcium carbonate apatite; Kidney stones; Obstructive pyelonephritis; Staghorn; Struvite; Urinary tract infection.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
MeSH terms
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Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
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Calcium Carbonate / therapeutic use
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Citrates / administration & dosage
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Citrates / therapeutic use
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Diet
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Drug Combinations
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Enzyme Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Gram-Negative Bacteria / enzymology
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Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / complications
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Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / enzymology
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Humans
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Lithotripsy
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Magnesium Oxide / therapeutic use
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Nephrostomy, Percutaneous
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Pyelonephritis / diagnosis
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Pyelonephritis / microbiology
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Pyelonephritis / therapy*
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Staphylococcal Infections / complications
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Staphylococcal Infections / enzymology
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Staphylococcus aureus / enzymology
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Urease / antagonists & inhibitors
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Urease / biosynthesis
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Urinary Calculi / complications*
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Urinary Calculi / diagnosis
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Urinary Calculi / microbiology
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Urinary Calculi / therapy*
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Urinary Tract Infections / microbiology
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Urinary Tract Infections / therapy*
Substances
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Anti-Bacterial Agents
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Citrates
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Drug Combinations
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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Suby's G solution
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hemiacidrin
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Magnesium Oxide
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Urease
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Calcium Carbonate