Three neutrotolerant, acidophilic actinomycete strains, designated FXJ1.526, FXJ1.725(T) and FXJ1.726, were isolated from red soil collected from Liujiazhan, Jiangxi Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the three strains clustered together and their closest relative was Streptomyces ferralitis CGMCC 4.1985(T) (98.9-99.0% similarity). Multilocus sequence analysis confirmed their relationship to S. ferralitis and separated these strains as representing a novel species. Mean DNA-DNA hybridization values among strains FXJ1.526, FXJ1.725(T) and FXJ1.726 were 81.6 ± 3.5-87.2 ± 3.8%, and the values between the three strains and S. ferralitis CGMCC 4.1985(T) were well below 70%. The three strains also shared several phenotypic characteristics that were distinct from the closely related species. They grew at 21-50 °C, at pH 4.0-9.0 (with an optimal pH of 5.0) and with 0-3% (w/v) NaCl, and the major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. On the basis of data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, it is proposed that strains FXJ1.526, FXJ1.725(T) and FXJ1.726 be classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, with the name Streptomyces rubrisoli sp. nov. The type strain is FXJ1.725(T) ( = CGMCC 4.7025(T)= DSM 42083(T)).