A Study of Dielectric Properties of Proteinuria between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz

PLoS One. 2015 Jun 12;10(6):e0130011. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130011. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

This paper investigates the dielectric properties of urine in normal subjects and subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at microwave frequency of between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz. The measurements were conducted using an open-ended coaxial probe at room temperature (25°C), at 30°C and at human body temperature (37°C). There were statistically significant differences in the dielectric properties of the CKD subjects compared to those of the normal subjects. Statistically significant differences in dielectric properties were observed across the temperatures for normal subjects and CKD subjects. Pearson correlation test showed the significant correlation between proteinuria and dielectric properties. The experimental data closely matched the single-pole Debye model. The relaxation dispersion and relaxation time increased with the proteinuria level, while decreasing with the temperature. As for static conductivity, it increased with proteinuria level and temperature.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Electric Conductivity*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Proteinuria / urine*
  • Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / urine*
  • Urea / chemistry*

Substances

  • Urea

Grants and funding

This work was supported by grants from University of Malaya (PG036-2013A). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.