Apigenin Attenuates Atherogenesis through Inducing Macrophage Apoptosis via Inhibition of AKT Ser473 Phosphorylation and Downregulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2

Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015:2015:379538. doi: 10.1155/2015/379538. Epub 2015 Apr 15.

Abstract

Macrophage survival is believed to be a contributing factor in the development of early atherosclerotic lesions. Dysregulated apoptosis of macrophages is involved in the inflammatory process of atherogenesis. Apigenin is a flavonoid that possesses various clinically relevant properties such as anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and antitumor activities. Here we showed that apigenin attenuated atherogenesis in apoE (-/-) mice in an in vivo test. In vitro experiments suggested that apigenin induced apoptosis of oxidized low density lipoprotein- (OxLDL-) loaded murine peritoneal macrophages (MPMs). Proteomic analysis showed that apigenin reduced the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2). PAI-2 has antiapoptotic effects in OxLDL-loaded MPMs. Enhancing PAI-2 expression significantly reduced the proapoptosis effects of apigenin. Molecular docking assay with AutoDock software predicted that residue Ser473 of Akt1 is a potential binding site for apigenin. Lentiviral-mediated overexpression of Akt1 wild type weakened the proapoptosis effect of apigenin in OxLDL-loaded MPMs. Collectively, apigenin executes its anti-atherogenic effects through inducing OxLDL-loaded MPMs apoptosis. The proapoptotic effects of apigenin were at least partly attributed to downregulation of PAI-2 through suppressing phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Apigenin / pharmacology
  • Apigenin / therapeutic use*
  • Apoptosis* / drug effects
  • Atherosclerosis / drug therapy*
  • Atherosclerosis / metabolism
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • Down-Regulation* / drug effects
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Lipoproteins, LDL / pharmacology
  • Macrophages, Peritoneal / drug effects
  • Macrophages, Peritoneal / metabolism
  • Macrophages, Peritoneal / pathology*
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Molecular Docking Simulation
  • Phosphorylation / drug effects
  • Phosphoserine / metabolism
  • Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 / metabolism*
  • Protective Agents / pharmacology
  • Proteomics
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / metabolism*
  • Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Substances

  • Lipoproteins, LDL
  • Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2
  • Protective Agents
  • oxidized low density lipoprotein
  • Phosphoserine
  • Apigenin
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt