The extraction of third molars (wisdom teeth) is one of the main surgical procedures performed in dentistry. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients undergoing the procedure in the SGC Fatebenefratelli Hospital, a large hospital in Rome (Italy), where about 20% of all third molar extractions in the Lazio Region are performed. Hospital discharge forms were analysed for patients discharged in the years 2010 and 2011 with a Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) code 169, used for the procedure. Study results indicate that the extraction of third molars is a relevant public health issue considering its frequency and associated yearly costs at the national level. The appropriateness of third molar extraction, especially when performed prophylactically in young persons, should be further explored.