Cellular senescence, the stable cell cycle arrest elicited by various forms of stress, is an important facet of tumor suppression. Although much is known about the key players in the implementation of senescence, including the pRb and p53 axes and the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p16(INK4a) and p21(CIP1), many details remain unresolved. In studying conditional senescence in human fibroblasts that express a temperature sensitive SV40 large T-antigen (T-Ag), we uncovered an unexpected role for CDK4. At the permissive temperature, where pRb and p53 are functionally compromised by T-Ag, cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are disrupted by the high p16(INK4a) levels and reduced expression of p21(CIP1). In cells arrested at the non-permissive temperature, p21(CIP1) promotes reassembly of cyclin D-CDK4 yet pRb is in a hypo-phosphorylated state, consistent with cell cycle arrest. In exploring whether the reassembled cyclin D-CDK4-p21 complexes are functional, we found that shRNA-mediated knockdown or chemical inhibition of CDK4 prevented the increase in cell size associated with the senescent phenotype by allowing the cells to arrest in G1 rather than G2/M. The data point to a role for CDK4 kinase activity in a G2 checkpoint that contributes to senescence.
Keywords: BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine; CDK, cyclin dependent kinase; CDK4; FACS, fluorescence actvated cell sorting; HFs, human fibroblasts; PI, propidium iodide; SA-βgal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity; SV40 T-antigen; SV40, simian virus 40; TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase; human fibroblasts; p16INK4a; p21CIP1; p53; pRb, retinoblastoma protein; retinoblastoma protein; senescence; shRNA, short-hairpin RNA; ts, temperature sensitive.