[Molecular markers: an important tool in the diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis]

Cir Cir. 2014 Jan-Feb;82(1):109-18.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Increase in the incidence of invasive aspergillosis has represented a difficult problem for management of patients with this infection due to its high rate of mortality, limited knowledge concerning its diagnosis, and therapeutic practice. The difficulty in management of patients with aspergillosis initiates with detection of the fungus in the specimens of immunosuppressed patients infected with Aspergillus fumigatus; in addition, difficulty exists in terms of the development of resistance to antifungals as a consequence of their indiscriminate use in prophylactic and therapeutic practice and to ignorance concerning the epidemiological data of aspergillosis. With the aim of resolving these problems, molecular markers is employed at present with specific and accurate results. However, in Mexico, the use of molecular markers has not yet been implemented in the routine of intrahospital laboratories; despite the fact that these molecular markers has been widely referred in the literature, it is necessary for it to validated and standardized to ensure that the results obtained in any laboratory would be reliable and comparable. In the present review, we present an update on the usefulness of molecular markers in accurate identification of A. fumigatus, detection of resistance to antifugal triazoles, and epidemiological studies for establishing the necessary measures for prevention and control of aspergillosis.

El incremento en la incidencia de la aspergilosis invasora representa un grave problema para el tratamiento de pacientes con esta micosis, debido a su elevada tasa de mortalidad por deficiencias diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Éstas se han atribuido a la dificultad para detectar Aspergillus fumigatus, principal agente etiológico de esta micosis, en las muestras biológicas de pacientes inmunosuprimidos, que son los principales afectados por el hongo; además por la resistencia a los antifúngicos como consecuencia del uso incontrolado de éstos, a nivel profiláctico y terapéutico, y el desconocimiento de aspectos epidemiológicos de la aspergilosis. En la actualidad, para superar estas limitaciones se han empleado marcadores moleculares. En México su uso aún no está implementado en la rutina de los laboratorios intrahospitalarios, porque a pesar de que se han reportado ampliamente en la bibliografía, hace falta validarlos y estandarizarlos para asegurar que los resultados que se obtengan en cualquier laboratorio sean confiables y comparables. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la utilidad de los marcadores moleculares en la identificación certera de A. fumigatus en la detección de resistencia a los antifúngicos triazólicos y en estudios epidemiológicos para establecer las medidas necesarias en la prevención y control de la aspergilosis.

Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus; Molecular markers; antifungals; antifúngicos; aspergillosis; diagnóstico molecular; epidemiology; epidemiología; marcadores moleculares; molecular diagnosis.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antifungal Agents / therapeutic use
  • Aspergillosis / blood*
  • Aspergillosis / diagnosis
  • Aspergillosis / drug therapy
  • Aspergillosis / epidemiology
  • Aspergillus fumigatus / drug effects
  • Aspergillus fumigatus / genetics
  • Aspergillus fumigatus / immunology
  • DNA, Fungal / blood*
  • Drug Monitoring
  • Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal / genetics
  • Fungemia / blood*
  • Fungemia / diagnosis
  • Fungemia / drug therapy
  • Gene Amplification
  • Genes, Fungal
  • HIV Infections / complications
  • HIV Infections / immunology
  • Humans
  • Mexico / epidemiology
  • Mice
  • Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / methods*
  • Mycological Typing Techniques
  • Neoplasms / complications
  • Neoplasms / immunology
  • Opportunistic Infections / blood
  • Opportunistic Infections / diagnosis
  • Opportunistic Infections / drug therapy

Substances

  • Antifungal Agents
  • DNA, Fungal