There is growing evidence that estrogen signaling regulates energy metabolism and exerts important functions in maintaining adipose tissue metabolism, including controlling the distribution of body fat. Changes in the physiological functions of adipose tissue, particularly the white adipose tissue, have been strongly connected to obesity and the development of related cardiometabolic complications. In this review, we will focus on discussing the role of estrogen signaling in regulating adipocyte differentiation, metabolism and its endocrine function with a focus on the possible underlying molecular mechanisms mediated by estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β.