Rational design and synthesis of an orally bioavailable peptide guided by NMR amide temperature coefficients

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 9;111(49):17504-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1417611111.

Abstract

Enhancing the oral bioavailability of peptide drug leads is a major challenge in drug design. As such, methods to address this challenge are highly sought after by the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we propose a strategy to identify appropriate amides for N-methylation using temperature coefficients measured by NMR to identify exposed amides in cyclic peptides. N-methylation effectively caps these amides, modifying the overall solvation properties of the peptides and making them more membrane permeable. The approach for identifying sites for N-methylation is a rapid alternative to the elucidation of 3D structures of peptide drug leads, which has been a commonly used structure-guided approach in the past. Five leucine-rich peptide scaffolds are reported with selectively designed N-methylated derivatives. In vitro membrane permeability was assessed by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay and Caco-2 assay. The most promising N-methylated peptide was then tested in vivo. Here we report a novel peptide (15), which displayed an oral bioavailability of 33% in a rat model, thus validating the design approach. We show that this approach can also be used to explain the notable increase in oral bioavailability of a somatostatin analog.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Administration, Oral
  • Amides / chemistry*
  • Animals
  • Biological Availability
  • Caco-2 Cells
  • Chromatography, Liquid
  • Drug Design*
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen Bonding
  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy*
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Methylation
  • Peptides / chemical synthesis
  • Peptides / pharmacokinetics*
  • Permeability
  • Protein Binding
  • Protein Conformation
  • Protein Interaction Mapping
  • Rats
  • Rats, Wistar
  • Solvents / chemistry
  • Technology, Pharmaceutical / methods
  • Temperature

Substances

  • Amides
  • Peptides
  • Solvents