Background: Sex-specific differences in the prevalence and severity of immune disorders are well-known phenomena; however, it is only recently that we have begun to understand the possible causes of such differences.
Material and methods: A literature search on this topic was carried out and the results are summarized.
Results: In the last few years research has been guided by technological advances in gene sequencing and new insights into the microbiome of the gut, as well as an awareness of sex- and gender-specific risk factors for infections and autoimmunity.
Conclusion: The knowledge acquired in recent years will not only improve diagnostics and early identification of these disorders but also influence future research, prevention and therapy of infections and autoimmune diseases.